Pemikiran Politik Pada Masa Dinasti Umayyah Dan Abbasiyah

Abstract

This study discusses the dynamics of Islamic governance during the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties and the
contribution of classical Islamic political thought in explaining the transition from the shura-based caliphate to
a hereditary monarchy. The main problem addressed is how the structure of power functioned during these two
major dynasties and the extent to which the political thought of figures such as Al-Farabi, Al-Mawardi, and Ibn
Khaldun reflects the political reality of their time. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of the Umayyad
and Abbasid power systems and relate them to the construction of state theory developed within Islamic political
philosophy. The method used is a qualitative approach through library research and descriptive analysis of
primary and secondary sources. The findings reveal that the Umayyad government system was marked by
power centralization and dynastic consolidation, while the Abbasid period introduced administrative and
intellectual innovations despite maintaining a monarchical structure. Each of the three Islamic thinkers studied
developed an ideal concept of statehood in response to the political conditions of their time. Al-Farabi
emphasized the ideal state (al-Madinah al-Fadhilah), Al-Mawardi detailed the principles of imamate under
sharia, and Ibn Khaldun highlighted the role of social cohesion (ashabiyah) in maintaining political stability.
This study concludes that classical Islamic political thought remains relevant for development in the context of
contemporary governance.